const char*和char const*以及char*const

redswallow posted @ Fri, 09 Jul 2010 15:12:22 +0800 in c/c++/c# , 1812 readers

const char*, char const*, char*const的区别问题几乎是C++面试中每次都会有的题目。

事 实上这个概念谁都有,只是三种声明方式非常相似很容易记混。
Bjarne在他的The C++ Programming Language里面给出过一个助记的方法：
把一个声明从右向左读。

char * const cp; ( * 读成 pointer to )
cp is a const pointer to char

const char * p;
p is a pointer to const char;

char const * p;
同上因为C++里面没有const*的运算符， 所以const只能属于前面的类型。


C++标准规定，const关键字放在类型或变量名之前等价的。

 

const int n=5;    //same as below
int const m=10;

 

const int *p;    //same as below  const (int) * p
int const *q;    // (int) const *p

 

char ** p1; 
//    pointer to    pointer to    char 
const char **p2;
//    pointer to    pointer to const char 
char * const * p3;
//    pointer to const pointer to    char 
const char * const * p4;
//    pointer to const pointer to const char 
char ** const p5;
// const pointer to    pointer to    char 
const char ** const p6;
// const pointer to    pointer to const char 
char * const * const p7;
// const pointer to const pointer to    char 
const char * const * const p8;
// const pointer to const pointer to const char

 

说到这里，我们可以看一道以前Google的笔试题：

［题目］const char *p="hello";
       foo(&p);//函数foo(const char **pp)
下面说法正确的是［］
A.函数foo()不能改变p指向的字符串内容
B.函数foo()不能使指针p指向malloc 生成的地址
C.函数foo()可以使p指向新的字符串常量
D.函数foo()可以把p赋值为 NULL.

至于这道题的答案是众说纷纭。针对上面这道题，我们可以用下面的程序测试：

 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>


void foo(const char **pp)
{
//    *pp=NULL;
//    *pp="Hello world!";
        *pp = (char *) malloc(10);
        snprintf(*pp, 10, "hi google!");
//       (*pp)[1] = 'x';

}

int
main()
{
    const char *p="hello";
    printf("before foo %s\n",p);
    foo(&p);
    printf("after foo %s\n",p);
    p[1] = 'x';

    return;
}



结论如下：

  1. 在foo函数中，可以使main函数中p指向的新的字符串常量。
  2. 在foo函数中，可以使main函数中的p指向 NULL。
  3. 在foo函数中，可以使main函数中的p指向由malloc生成的内存块，并可以在main中用free释放，但是会有 警告。但是注意，即使在foo中让p指向了由malloc生成的内存块，但是仍旧不能用p[1]='x';这样的语句改变p指向的内容。
  4. 在 foo中，不能用(*pp)[1]='x';这样的语句改变p的内容。

      所以，感觉gcc只是根据const的字面的意思对其作了限制，即对于const char*p这样的指针，不管后来p实际指向malloc的内存或者常量的内存，均不能用p[1]='x'这样的语句改变其内容。但是很奇怪，在foo里 面，对p指向malloc的内存后，可以用snprintf之类的函数修改其内容

 

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